Review:

• The prophet’s name means “Hidden in/by YHVH (God)”
• Zephaniah is of royal blood
• He prophecies during the early part of King Josiah’s reign
• He prophecies the imminent wrath of God upon Judah and the nations surrounding her and on those pagans living within her midst
• God begins His discipline with Judah/Israel and then extends it to the nations
• As we look to the conclusion of this prophetic work God begins His redemption, restoration and blessing with Judah/Israel and then extends it to the nations

 
Introduction:
The previous chapter (although there are no chapters and verses in the scroll itself) concludes with a specific indictment against the land of Israel/Judah, and a reminder that worldly wealth cannot save the wicked. This sets up the first verse of chapter two as a sober warning for self-reflection. The verses that follow offer a practical solution for the repentant among Judah. An opportunity to receive mercy even as the coming wrath is casting a shadow on the land of Israel.
 
Zephaniah Chapter 2:

הִֽתְקוֹשְׁשׁ֖וּ וָק֑וֹשּׁוּ הַגּ֖וֹי לֹ֥א נִכְסָֽף׃ 1
 
1 Gather together, gather (assemble yourselves) like collected straw, dry wood (kindling), a nation not longed for (alt. a nation not desiring).
 
“Gather, gather” is not just any call to assemble. The repeated Hebrew kashash קשש denotes the intense, diligent gathering of straw and dry wood, to be purposed as kindling for starting a fire.
 
The gathering begins with Judah, a challenge to soberly assess herself before the fire of judgement consumes her on its way to consuming the idolatrous nations around her.
 
The Talmud Bavliy rightly understands this opening verse to be a challenge to Judah to consider her own sin before accusing the pagan nations around her of sin.
 
Judah is to gather sticks and kindling for her own judgement fire before kindling is gathered for the judgement of her enemies, the idolatrous foreigners both within and without.
 
“The Gemara asks: But why did he tell the man to return the next day? Let him say to him: Go cut down your tree, and then I will cut mine down. The Gemara answers: Because of the statement of Reish Lakish, who said: The verse states: “Gather yourselves together and gather [hitkosheshu vakoshu]” (Zephaniah 2:1), and this can be explained homiletically to mean: Adorn [keshot] yourself and afterward adorn others, i.e., act properly before requiring others to do so.”
 
-Bava Batra 60b:3
 
Yeshua teaches this very principle long before the Talmud Bavliy was codified (the earliest date of codification of certain parts of Talmudic literature being the 4th century C.E.):
 
“1 Don’t condemn, so that you won’t be condemned. 2 For the condemnation you use, will be turned on you: and with the measure of punishment you dish out, it will be measured to you. 3 And why do you criticize and point out the stick that is in your sibling's eye, but don’t consider the beam that is in your own eye? 4 for example, how do you pretend to have the chutzpah to say to your sibling, ‘Let me pull out the stick from your eye;’ and yet, behold, there is a beam in your own eye? 5 You hypocrite, first cast the beam out of your own eye; and then you will be able to see clearly to cast out the stick from your brother's eye.”
 
-Matisyahu (Matthew) 7:1-5 [Author’s translation]
 
The first 3 verses of chapter 2 continue to warn Judah of the coming wrath, and provide opportunity for the remnant among her to repent and walk rightly before God prior to the manifestation of that wrath.
 
The phrase, “A nation not longed for,” can also be translated “A nation not desiring,” and leads to at least two possible interpretations:
 
1.     Judah/Israel is called an “undesirable nation” meaning that she has prostituted herself and become a stench in the nostrils of her Husband YHVH.
 
2.     Alternatively, some sage voices read it to mean that Judah has not desired the Word of the LORD, His Torah.
 
The Targum reads:
 
“Gather together, and come, and draw near, this people who desire not to return to
the Torah.”
 
-Targum Yonatan on Zephaniah 2:1
 
The former chapter alluded to the flames that would search out the dark corners of the city of Jerusalem exposing sin and conflating to cleanse the city in fiery judgement. Now the judgement that has begun with Judah will be extended toward the pagan peoples living among them and in the lands surrounding the land of Israel. They are being gathered like kindling for a fire. The gathering process being a merciful opportunity for sober self-reflection and repentance.
 
2 בְּטֶ֙רֶם֙ לֶ֣דֶת חֹ֔ק כְּמֹ֖ץ עָ֣בַר י֑וֹם בְּטֶ֣רֶם׀ לֹא־יָב֣וֹא עֲלֵיכֶ֗ם חֲרוֹן֙ אַף־יְהוָ֔ה בְּטֶ֙רֶם֙ לֹא־יָב֣וֹא עֲלֵיכֶ֔ם י֖וֹם אַף־יְהוָֽה׃
 
2 Before the decree is born, like chaff the day passes, before the fierce nostril snorting anger of YHVH the Lord (Mercy) comes upon you (plural), beforehand, ask is it not coming upon you (plural)? The day of YHVH the Lord’s nostril flaring anger!
 
The Day of the LORD is coming upon all the people inhabiting the land of Israel, in particular, the land of Judah. It is firmly established even before the prophetic word is spoken.
 
The Hebrew describes the anger of God as nostril flaring fury. How often we neglect this aspect of the expression of God’s Person due to our escapist delusions concerning Who God is.
 
The wicked, are chaff that blow away in the wind and like the passing day, will suffer God’s fierce wrath.
 
“The wicked will not prosper: but are like the chaff which the wind drives away.”
 
-Tehillim (Psalms) 1:4
 
We note that this is a warning. “Before,” is a word of mercy. This judgement is firmly established but before it comes swiftly about God affords the potentially repentant an opportunity to turn to Him.
 
The prophets of Israel do not speak what they want to see happen to their people but what is just and established by God unto the redemption of their people. There is great mercy in the warning of coming wrath. An unjust God would not warn or give opportunity for repentance and atonement.
 
3 בַּקְּשׁ֤וּ אֶת־יְהוָה֙ כָּל־עַנְוֵ֣י הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִשְׁפָּט֖וֹ פָּעָ֑לוּ בַּקְּשׁוּ־צֶ֙דֶק֙ בַּקְּשׁ֣וּ עֲנָוָ֔ה אוּלַי֙ תִּסָּ֣תְר֔וּ בְּי֖וֹם אַף־יְהוָֽה׃
 
3 Seek, desire YHVH the Lord, specifically, all you humbly vulnerable of the land HaAretz (of Israel), who have practised His justice. Seek, desire righteousness, seek, desire humble vulnerability. It may be that you will be hidden in the day of YHVH the Lord’s nostril flaring anger.
 
Notice the repetition of the Hebrew bakash בקש (seek, desire), it’s the counterpoint to the wilful trifold rejection of God recorded in 1:6. Here, the threefold seeking (בקש) indicates a remnant of repentant and devoted worshippers of YHVH.
 
We note that this is being spoken to the people of the land of Israel (הָאָרֶץ HaAretz), in particular, at this time, Judah.
 
This warning is being repeated prior to the destruction that is to come, so that both mercy and judgement are established according to the manifest attributes of God.
 
“Ask - If you have practiced justice until now, ask for it and add humility before that day comes. Ask, do not seek help from the Philistines.”
 
-Iben Ezra on Zephaniah 2:3
 
Iben Ezra uses this verse as an admonition, challenging Judah to look to YHVH rather than seeking help from pagan nations and their false deities.
 
“Perhaps you will hide on that day of wrath, and the Lord will pour out His wrath on the rest of the nations. Now, if so, he did not say, ‘Perhaps you will hide to satisfy Him with the benefit of repentance,’ but rather to say that perhaps they will hide and the evil will not pass over them, or perhaps it will pass over easily…”
 
-Abarbanel on Zephaniah 2:3
 
Like the prophet for whom the scroll is named, God will hide away the repentant righteous remnant, keeping them safely in the palm of His closed hand while the fire of judgement passes by.
 
4 כִּ֤י עַזָּה֙ עֲזוּבָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה וְאַשְׁקְל֖וֹן לִשְׁמָמָ֑ה אַשְׁדּ֗וֹד בַּֽצָּהֳרַ֙יִם֙ יְגָ֣רְשׁ֔וּהָ וְעֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר׃
 
4 For Gaza (the strong) will be forsaken, and Ashkelon (fire resulting from being weighed on the scales of justice) made desolate; Ashdod (violent power) will be driven out at noon, and Ekron (pluck up) shall be uprooted.
 
The judgement against Judah’s close neighbors is prophesied in the meaning of their names, which reflect their wicked actions.
 
In Hebrew the alliteration and meanings give the rhythm of the text a weighty poetic sense.
 
“Ki Azah azuvah” (כִּ֤י עַזָּה֙ עֲזוּבָ֣ה) uses the Hebrew noun Azah (Gaza) meaning strong followed by the similar sounding Hebrew azuvah meaning left, abandoned, forsaken.
 
“Ve’Ashkelon lishmamah” (וְאַשְׁקְל֖וֹן לִשְׁמָמָ֑ה) alliterates the noun Ashkelon (fire from weighing) with lishmamah (desolation).
 
“Ve’ekron teiaker” (וְעֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר) follows the driving out of Ashdod (violent power) [אַשְׁדּ֗וֹדבַּֽצָּהֳרַ֙יִם֙ יְגָ֣רְשׁ֔וּהָ] with a repetition of plucking up (weeding) in the wordplay between the noun Ekron and the Hebrew word from which it is derived עקר akar.
 
Concerning the phrase “Gaza (the strong) will be forsaken” Rashi indicates that this will happen if Judah obeys the instruction to examine herself (v.1). Likewise, he says that all the nearby enemies of Judah will face like punishment.
 
“For, if you will do so, [as in verse 1,] I will visit retribution upon your evil neighbors; Philistia, Ammon, and Moab. The prophet proceeds to mention them [the neighbors] in [geographical] order.”
 
-Rashi on Zephaniah 2:4
 
Rashi goes on to explain that the driving out of Ashdod at noon relates to the fact that she was a city of sheep herders and that at noon (the heat of the day) sheep are difficult to move, thus the invasion of the Babylonians will cause great distress over livelihood as well as loss of life.
 
“[Ashdod] was a place to pasture sheep, and it is hard for the sheep to go out at noontime; so Scripture says (Song 1:7): ‘How do you make them lie down at noon?’”
 
-Rashi on Zephaniah 2:4b
 
5 ה֗וֹי יֹֽשְׁבֵ֛י חֶ֥בֶל הַיָּ֖ם גּ֣וֹי כְּרֵתִ֑ים דְּבַר־יְהוָ֣ה עֲלֵיכֶ֗ם כְּנַ֙עַן֙ אֶ֣רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֖יךְ מֵאֵ֥ין יוֹשֵֽׁב׃
 
5 Hoiy (wow, oiy, ho) inhabitants of the coast of the sea (Mediterranean), a nation, the Kereitiym (cutters/killers)! The Word of YHVH the Lord is against you, Canaan (lowland), land of the Pelishtiym (Philistines: invaders, immigrants, usurpers) “I will destroy you; from you there will be none to sit (inhabit) on the land.”
 
The prophet Ezekiel also prophecies the destruction of the Pelishtiym and Kereitiym:
 
“Therefore thus says the Adonay YHVH the Lord GOD; Behold, I will stretch out My hand upon the Pelishtiym, and I will cut off the Kereitiym, and destroy the remnant of the sea coast.”
 
-Yechezkiel (Ezekiel) 25:16
 
“The Word of the LORD is against you” can be read, “Yeshua is against you.” (John 1)
 
It’s interesting to note that while the Philistines of this period were long ago entirely wiped out, leaving no modern equivalent people (an ethnicity that ceased prior to the first century C.E), the Hebrew name Pelishtiym nonetheless means invader/immigrant, thus imposing a present indictment against the modern day “Palestinian” lie promoting Arab indigeneity in connection to the land of Israel.
 
6 וְֽהָיְתָ֞ה חֶ֣בֶל הַיָּ֗ם נְות כְּרֹ֥ת רֹעִ֖ים וְגִדְר֥וֹת צֹֽאן׃


6 The coast of the sea (Mediterranean) will become pasturelands, with shelters for shepherds and folds for flocks.
 
The coastal land, once inhabited by wicked pagan peoples known for their acts of murder and invasion, will be transformed into lands populated with sheep and shepherds, farmers living in peace.
 
“breakfast nooks for shepherds a temporary dwelling where the shepherds eat bread in the morning. כְּרֹת kerot is an expression related to (II Kings 6:23) ‘He prepared for them a lavish feast.’”
 
-Rashi on Zephaniah 2:6
 
7 וְהָ֣יָה חֶ֗בֶל לִשְׁאֵרִ֛ית בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָ֖ה עֲלֵיהֶ֣ם יִרְע֑וּן בְּבָתֵּ֣י אַשְׁקְל֗וֹן בָּעֶ֙רֶב֙ יִרְבָּצ֔וּן כִּ֧י יִפְקְדֵ֛ם יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֖ם וְשָׁ֥ב ׳שְׁבוּתָם׳ ״שְׁבִיתָֽם׃״
 
7 It will come to pass that the coast (Mediterranean) will be for the remnant in the house of Judah; upon them (the coastal pastures) they will feed; In the houses of Ashkelon (fire from weighing) they will lie down in the evening. For YHVH the Lord their Elohim God/Judge will attend to them, and return their captives.
 
The Babylonians would make this area desolate for a time, however, Jews returned from Babylonian exile and repopulated this coastal land. This happened during the days of the Maccabees when Jews rebuilt the cities deserted by the Pelishtiym.
 
There is a correlation to be made here between this ancient prophecy and the return of Israeli captives in recent years.
 
The prophet is pointing to the ultimate outcome of the Day of the LORD, that of redemption, restoration through atonement and victory over the enemies of God and of Israel/Judah.
 
The last sentence, “For the Lord their God will attend to them, and return their captives,” finds its ultimate fulfilment in the Person of Yeshua the King Messiah, both during His first coming and at His return. The Father and the Son will be the present manifest Light of the New Jerusalem, and that Light will illuminate the entire new creation.
 
8 שָׁמַ֙עְתִּי֙ חֶרְפַּ֣ת מוֹאָ֔ב וְגִדּוּפֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן אֲשֶׁ֤ר חֵֽרְפוּ֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔י וַיַּגְדִּ֖ילוּ עַל־גְּבוּלָֽם׃
 
8 “I have heard the scorn of Moab (from his father), and the taunting insults of the people of Amon (tribes), with which they have insulted My people (Amiy), making arrogant threats against their borders.
 
Wordplay is again used for emphasis. The tribes Amon (Israel’s enemies) are called out for their mockery of the Tribe (Judah/Israel) who belong to God as Amiy, My tribe (and in whom Zephaniah finds his lineage). Make no mistake, YHVH is Creator of all things, and He is the Tribal God of Israel, distinct from all other gods (though they are no gods at all).
 
The God of Israel detests the taunts and insults levelled against His chosen people. This taunting harkens back to when Israel was journeying from the Exodus toward the promised land under the leadership of Joshua. (Joshua 24:2)
 
“Who taunted My people When [the people of] Israel were being led into exile toward the land of the Chaldeans, and they were passing through Ammon and Moab, and they would see Israel weeping, sighing, and crying out, they would taunt them and say, “Why are you suffering? Aren’t you going to your father’s house? Your fathers dwelt on the other side of the river from earliest times.” (Josh. 24:2)”
 
-Rashi on Zephaniah 2:8
 
Yeshua the King Messiah reaffirms the fierce love of God for the ethnic, religious, chosen people of Israel saying, “I have come only for the lost sheep of Israel,” and, “It’s not right to give the children’s (Israel’s) food to their little dogs (defeated enemies)!”
 
9 לָכֵ֣ן חַי־אָ֡נִי נְאֻם֩ יְהוָ֨ה צְבָא֜וֹת אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל כִּֽי־מוֹאָ֞ב כִּסְדֹ֤ם תִּֽהְיֶה֙ וּבְנֵ֤י עַמּוֹן֙ כַּֽעֲמֹרָ֔ה מִמְשַׁ֥ק חָר֛וּל וּמִכְרֵה־מֶ֥לַח וּשְׁמָמָ֖ה עַד־עוֹלָ֑ם שְׁאֵרִ֤ית עַמִּי֙ יְבָזּ֔וּם וְיֶ֥תֶר ׳גּוֹי׳ ״גּוֹיִ֖י״ יִנְחָלֽוּם׃
 
9 Therefore, as I live,” says YHVH the Lord Who goes warring (of hosts), HaElohim the God/Judge of Israel, “Certainly Moab (from his father) will be as Sodom (burning), and the people of Amon (tribes) like Gomorrah (submersion)—giving birth to and overrun by nettles and salt pits, and a perpetual desolation. The remainder of My people will plunder them, and the remnant of My people will possess them.”
 
There is indescribable terror and immutable security in the phrase “As I live says YHVH!” Immutable security for those who belong to Him and indescribable terror for those who wilfully and continually rebel against Him.
 
Moab and Amon are the descendants of Lot through his daughters. They are peoples who from birth were steeped in incestuous sin. They became generational enemies of Jacob/Israel and are singled out here for that, among other reasons. (ref. Genesis 19:30-38)
 
Ultimately these wicked peoples will be removed and the remnant of Israel/Judah will inhabit their land. This is prophetic of the days of Messiah according to the Jewish sage Kimchi.
 
10 זֹ֥את לָהֶ֖ם תַּ֣חַת גְּאוֹנָ֑ם כִּ֤י חֵֽרְפוּ֙ וַיַּגְדִּ֔לוּ עַל־עַ֖ם יְהוָ֥ה צְבָאֽוֹת׃
 
10 This they will have beneath their pride (an underlying desolation), because they have insulted and made arrogant threats against the people (Judah/Israel) of YHVH the Lord Who goes warring (of hosts).
 
Beneath their pride and taunting, lies the desolation and horror established as a foundation for the coming judgement against them.
 
“6 We have heard of the pride of Moab; he is exceedingly proud: of his haughtiness, and his pride, and his wrath: his lies will not be so. 7 Therefore, Moab will howl for Moab, every one will howl: for the foundations of Kir-chareset (a capital of Moab) you will mourn; surely they are struck down.”
 
-Isaiah 16:1-7
 
“And Moab shall be destroyed from being a people, because he has magnified himself against YHVH the LORD.”
 
-Jeremiah 48:42
 
11 נוֹרָ֤א יְהוָה֙ עֲלֵיהֶ֔ם כִּ֣י רָזָ֔ה אֵ֖ת כָּל־אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָאָ֑רֶץ וְיִשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ־לוֹ֙ אִ֣ישׁ מִמְּקוֹמ֔וֹ כֹּ֖ל אִיֵּ֥י הַגּוֹיִֽם׃
 
11 YHVH The Lord is dreadful, terrifying to them, for He will starve to nothing all the gods of the land (of Israel: the gods of the pagan residents that have been syncretised into Judah’s religious practice); every man (one) will worship Him, from his place, all the islands of the nations (idolaters).
 
False gods, being the progeny of fallen human imagination and demonic influence, can be starved to death. Ultimately, a god who can be killed is no god at all.
 
We note that the result of the fear of the LORD will be the destruction of the gods of the nations and the repentance of many among the nations who will worship from every Island, from wherever they may be. In short, the outcome is redemption for all who humble themselves before the LORD. The Targum agrees:
 
“the fear of the Lord is to redeem them;”
 
-Targum Yonatan on Zephaniah 2:11
 
12 גַּם־אַתֶּ֣ם כּוּשִׁ֔ים חַֽלְלֵ֥י חַרְבִּ֖י הֵֽמָּה׃
 
12 “You Cushiym (blackness), you will also be slain by My sword.”
 
Those ancient Cushiym who had at times come out against Israel and sought to usurp the inheritance of God’s people were also being charged with capital crimes against Judah. The Christian commentator John Gill notes that these Cushiym were not Ethiopians from Africa but rather the inhabitants of Arabia Chusea, or that Ethiopia which bordered Moab and Ammon, who distressed the Jewish people from time to time (ref. 2 Chronicles 14:9)
 
13 וְיֵ֤ט יָדוֹ֙ עַל־צָפ֔וֹן וִֽיאַבֵּ֖ד אֶת־אַשּׁ֑וּר וְיָשֵׂ֤ם אֶת־נִֽינְוֵה֙ לִשְׁמָמָ֔ה צִיָּ֖ה כַּמִּדְבָּֽר׃
 
13 And He will stretch out His hand against the north, and destroy Assyria (a step), and make Nineveh (capital of Assyria) a desolation, dry like a wilderness.
 
The Hebrew מִּדְבָּֽר midbar (desert/wilderness) is a blended word made up of the Hebrew meaning from and word/essence/thing. The dry desolation that results for Nineveh is from the Word Himself.
 
The events concerning Nineveh recorded in the work of the eight century prophet Jonah had occurred approximately 100 years earlier (Jonah 786-746 B.C.E). It seems that the repentance of the people of Nineveh lasted less than three generations. In fact, given how established Nineveh’s wickedness is at this time (approx.. 635 B.C.E), and given the actions of Assyria against the northern tribes, it’s clear that Nineveh’s repentance didn’t last more than a single generation.
 
Nineveh was destroyed in 612 B.C.E. Therefore, given that Zephaniah is probably prophesying early in Josiah’s reign (approx.. 635 B.C.E), the destruction being prophesied here is only 23 years away from coming to fruition.
 
At the end of the scroll of Jonah the prophet Jonah waits on the vengeance of the LORD. Jonah is rebuked and left waiting. Jonah gives no response having been rebuked, and the scroll ends without really ending. Jonah waits…
 
Jonah longs for the redemption of Israel and the ultimate defeat of Israel’s enemies, Assyria (Nineveh) among them. So he awaits the Day of the LORD. What Jonah looked forward to is prophesied by Zephaniah as being close at hand. In addition, the outcome of the prophecy is the redemption of Judah and blessing upon all nations.
 
14 וְרָבְצ֨וּ בְתוֹכָ֤הּ עֲדָרִים֙ כָּל־חַיְתוֹ־ג֔וֹי גַּם־קָאַת֙ גַּם־קִפֹּ֔ד בְּכַפְתֹּרֶ֖יהָ יָלִ֑ינוּ ק֠וֹל יְשׁוֹרֵ֤ר בַּֽחַלּוֹן֙ חֹ֣רֶב בַּסַּ֔ף כִּ֥י אַרְזָ֖ה עֵרָֽה׃
 
14 The flocks will lie down in the midst, all the beasts of a nation. Both the pelican and the bittern will nest on the lintels of her pillars; a voice will sing in the windows; Desolation, dryness, drought will be at the threshold; For He will uncover the cedar work.
 
Where the first chapter detailed the destruction measured out against human and animal alike, this verse speaks of that time in the aftermath when birds will return and nest and feed among the dry remnants of the destroyed city of Nineveh.
 
The Assyrians had thought themselves indestructible as they invaded the north and sought to control the south. They will receive their just reward as victims of God’s wrath at the hands of the Babylonians.
 
The threshold once defiled by witchcraft (1:9) will be stripped of all that soiled it.
 
15 זֹ֠֞את הָעִ֤יר הָעַלִּיזָה֙ הַיּוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת לָבֶ֔טַח הָאֹֽמְרָה֙ בִּלְבָבָ֔הּ אֲנִ֖י וְאַפְסִ֣י ע֑וֹד אֵ֣יךְ׀ הָיְתָ֣ה לְשַׁמָּ֗ה מַרְבֵּץ֙ לַֽחַיָּ֔ה כֹּ֚ל עוֹבֵ֣ר עָלֶ֔יהָ יִשְׁרֹ֖ק יָנִ֥יעַ יָדֽוֹ׃
 
15 This the city of the exultation that dwelt securely, saying in her heart, “I am, and there is none besides me.” How has she become a horrifying waste, a place where beasts lie down! Each one who passes by her shall whistle, hiss and shake his fist.
 
It seems Zephaniah views Nineveh with the same disdain that Jonah viewed her, and for good reason.
 
As alluded to earlier, Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, is not more than three generations (100 years) away from her former repentance. Within that short period of time she has re-established her pagan pride of place and is in fact (albeit collectively) calling herself “God,” saying “I am, and there is none besides me!” This is a brazen appropriation of the words of the God of Israel (Isaiah 45:5-6, 18, 21). It’s possible that the Assyrian capital adopted this blasphemous phrase from reading the works of the eight century prophet Isaiah, having obtained a copy during their invasion of northern Israel.
 
Babylon is indicted by the prophet Isaiah in a similar way to the present indictment against Assyria (Isa. 47:10).
 
Jonah’s consternation saw foreword to the destruction of Nineveh some hundred years later. As I have previously stated, the book of Jonah has no ending. Jonah is rebuked by HaShem while awaiting the redemption of his people Israel. The prophecy of Zephaniah concludes with an affirmation of what Jonah hoped for. The redemption of Judah and all Israel.
 
The next chapter begins by addressing “her that is filthy… the oppressing city.” Therefore, the city being addressed there cannot be Nineveh, which has been indicted to destruction and subsequently unable to oppress others. Thus, the next chapter begins by addressing Jerusalem.
 
Copyright 2026 Yaakov (Brown) Ben Yehoshua

​Introduction:
 
Background:
 
In 722 B.C.E the Assyrian Empire invaded the northern kingdom of Israel taking the greater portion of the northern tribes’ captive and resettling the land with Assyrians. Thus, leaving the southern kingdom of Judah vulnerable. In 701 B.C.E Sennacherib of the Neo-Assyrian Empire attacked Judah during the reign of king Hezekiah, destroying many towns and cities. However, in response to Hezekiah’s repentant petition, the LORD miraculously delivered Judah’s capital Jerusalem.
 
The reigns of Judah’s subsequent kings, Manasseh and his son Amon were plagued with the fruit of their rebellion against God. Manasseh had rebuilt the high places and invoked the gods of the Canaanites, and sacrificing at least one of his sons he promoted the worship of the created heavenly bodies. When Manasseh’s grandson Josiah began his rule, these ungodly heathen practices were still prevalent in the land.
 
It appears that Tzephanyah (Zephaniah) began his ministry prior to that point in young Josiah’s reign when a copy of the Torah is discovered in the Temple (2 Kings 22:8-20) sparking reforms, a renewing of the covenant and the removal of the icons of idolatry from the land (2 Kings 23). The prophetess Huldah played a pivotal role in this process.
 
The Hebrew name צְפַנְיָה Tzephanyah (Zephaniah) means “YHVH hides, treasures, stores up” or “YHVH has hidden, treasured, stored up.” Given that Zephaniah was likely born during the reign of the wicked king Manasseh, it seems feasible that due to his royal blood the prophet may have been hidden from the wicked king because of a perceived potential threat to the throne of Manasseh’s son Amon. Additionally, the lights/flames that HaShem sends to search out the city of Jerusalem (v.12) are purposed with exposing hidden sin and cleansing the city. A city is the sum of its inhabitants. Finally, the prophecy of Zephaniah precedes the discovery of the hidden Torah scroll by Josiah (2 Kings 22:8-20).
 
The Twelve:
 
The scroll of Tzephanyah is one of the תרי עשר Trei Asar (Aramaic) or שנים עשר Shneim Asar (Hebrew), twelve short or minor (in length) prophets. These books were collectively written between the 8th and 4th centuries B.C.E.
 
In the TaNakh (Hebrew OT order) תרי עשר Trei Asar (The twelve) is a single work containing the twelve prophetic books: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.
 
Writer:
 
Zephaniah and or a scribe serving him were the human writers of this scroll of Holy Spirit inspired prophecy.
 
The prophet to whom the Word of YHVH came is named in Zephaniah 1:1 as a fourth-generation descendant of king Hezekiah of Judah, who reigned from 715 to 686 B.C.E. It makes sense then that the text reflects Zephaniah’s familiarity with the royal court and the political issues of the time.
 
As a man of God Zephaniah was also well read in the works of the eighth century prophets Isaiah and Amos, and while uniquely inspired is nonetheless reflecting a number of their proclamations. In addition, it’s more than likely that Zephaniah was familiar with the young prophet Jeremiah and shared an affinity with all the prophets of God who ministered over this time period. This includes Huldah the prophetess, who was called on to advise Josiah. The prophets themselves were a remnant within a remnant.
 
With regard to Zephaniah and his contemporaries the Jewish sage Radak writes:
 
“For Jeremiah prophesied in the marketplaces, and Zephaniah in the synagogues, and Huldah among the women, and his prophecy was before Josiah and Judah returned from their evil.”
 
-Radak on Zephaniah 1:1
 
Date:
 
Zephaniah 1:1 tells us that the prophet ministered during the reign of Josiah (640 to 609 B.C.E), meaning that the prophet was a contemporary of Jeremiah, Nahum, Huldah (a Prophetess: 2 Kings 22:14-20; 2 Chronicles 34:22-28) and probably Habakkuk. It is likely that Zephaniah’s prophecy was spoken early in Josiah’s reign prior to Josiah’s attempts at reform, and during a period when the fruit of the reigns of Manasseh and Amon continued to pollute the land prior to the death of the Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal in 627 B.C.E.
 
Themes:
 
The ancient writer, recording the words of Tzephanyah, spoken by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, announces to Yehudah (Judah) the approaching judgement of God.
 
The main theme is the approaching יוֹם ליהוה Yom laAdonay, Day of (to) The LORD (YHVH). We note a correlation between the works of Tzephanyah, Yeshayahu (Isaiah), Yoel (Joel), and Amos [Isaiah 2:11, 17, 20; Joel 1:15, 2:2; Amos 5:18, 8:9].
 
Following the receipt of the Word of YHVH the prophet introduces himself and multiplies an announcement of complete judgement, proclaiming that the Day of the LORD is coming on Judah and the nations.
 
The first chapter follows the pattern of God’s judgement, first upon His chosen and then upon the nations. This pattern is also reflected in the redemptive outcome at the conclusion of the scroll. God’s mercy precedes His judgement and for the repentant is also the outcome of it.
 
The idolaters of Judah are judged, and there is wailing in Jerusalem at the coming of the Day of the LORD’s wrath.
 
Chapter 2 proclaims God’s judgement upon the nations. First there is a call to repentance and then a systematic establishing of judgement against Philistia, Moab, Ammon, Cush, and Assyria.
 
Chapter 3 proclaims judgement upon Jerusalem, the capital and therefore the head of rule over Judah. In response the people of Jerusalem and by extension all of Judah, led by their ruler, refuse to repent. However, a remnant is redeemed and as a result the nations are purified and the remnant of Judah are restored, Jerusalem purged of her defilement and the entire nation of Israel made right with God.
 
“Mercy triumphs over judgement!”
 
 Zephaniah Chapter 1:
 
דְּבַר־יְהוָ֣ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֗ה אֶל־צְפַנְיָה֙ בֶּן־כּוּשִׁ֣י בֶן־גְּדַלְיָ֔ה בֶּן־אֲמַרְיָ֖ה בֶּן־חִזְקִיָּ֑ה בִּימֵ֛י יֹאשִׁיָּ֥הוּ בֶן־אָמ֖וֹן מֶ֥לֶךְ יְהוּדָֽה׃
 
1 The Word of YHVH (Mercy) the Lord which came to Tzephanyah (Zephaniah) [YHVH hides, treasures, stores up] the son of Cushiy (My blackness), the son of Gedalyah (Adonay is great), the son of Amaryah (Adonay speaks), the son of Hizkiyah (Hezekiah: my strength is Adonay), in the days of Joshiyahu (Josiah: supported by Adonay) the son of Amon (skilled workman), king of Yehudah (Judah: Praise).
 
It is Messiah the דְּבַר־יְהוָה Davar (Word) of YHVH (Mercy) Who comes to Tzephanyah (Zephaniah) [John 1].
 
Based on the Gospel of John’s illumination of the Word Yeshua we can read:
 
“The Word Yeshua of YHVH Who came to Tzephanyah…”
 
We note the story of the names of Zephaniah’s ancestors:
 
“The hidden and treasured one born from blackness in the strength of Adonay during the days of one supported by Adonay the son of a skilled worker, the King of praise.”
 
As mentioned in the introduction Zephaniah is a fourth-generation descendant of king Hezekiah of Judah, who reigned from 715 to 686 B.C.E. It’s significant that Zephaniah is a prophet of royal blood. He was third cousin to Josiah, and yet there was no intrigue between them, neither Zephaniah nor Josiah sought to diminish one another’s God given roles.
 
The lengthy genealogy of the prophet Zephaniah is unusual. Of his contemporaries only Jeremiah’s scroll contains a similar genealogy (Jer. 36:14). This may be done in order to make a clear connection between Zephaniah and Hezekiah.
 
With regard to the life and work of prophets in the ancient Levant, it’s interesting to note that prophets of Mesopotamia were considered legally bound to their prophecies. This reflects the Biblical instruction regarding the measure for a false prophet (Deut. 18:21-22).
 
Concerning Zephaniah’s character, the Talmud Bavliy states:
 
“It was taught in a baraita: With regard to anyone whose actions and the actions of his ancestors are obscured and not explained, and the verse mentioned one of them favorably, for example, the way in which Zephaniah the prophet is introduced: “The word of the Lord which came to Zephaniah the son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah” (Zephaniah 1:1), it is known that not only was he a righteous man, he was also the son of a righteous man.”
 
-Megillah 15a:3
 
Those who seek to explain away Zephaniah’s royal bloodline through Hezekiah are met with significant resistance from the sages of Judaism.
 
“The scripture mentions the names of the fathers until it reaches the most honorable, which is King Hezekiah, and behold, according to the interpretation, Amariah was the brother of Manasseh. And do not be surprised that Josiah is third to Hezekiah, for there are more than a hundred years from the day Hezekiah grew up to father a son until Josiah became king.”
 
-Iben Ezra on Zephaniah 1:1
 
 אָסֹ֨ף אָסֵ֜ף כֹּ֗ל מֵעַ֛ל פְּנֵ֥י הָאֲדָמָ֖ה נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה׃
 
2 “I will gather, gather (utterly and completely gather together and collect) everything from upon the face of the earth,” Says YHVH (Mercy) the Lord;
 
By inference and in context the repetition of the Hebrew אָסֹף  asof “gather together,” means to “gather together for judgement and destruction.” As is always the case in the TaNaKh (OT), the repetition of something means that it is firmly established. Here, the purpose of the “gathering,” is judgement.
 
We note that the Hebrew הָאֲדָמָה Ha’adamah the earth usually refers to the entire earth inclusive of the land of all nations. Although it’s sometimes used to refer to the specific earth of the land of Israel it’s nonetheless more common in the case of specific judgement upon Israel to use the Hebrew הָאָֽרֶץ Ha’aretz the land (of Israel). This is in fact the descriptor used in the concluding verse of this chapter. While there are exceptions, it seems that the writer intentionally uses the two distinct nouns to first convey a general judgement and then specify a localised judgement.
 
Zephaniah begins by using language similar to that used prior to the great flood (Gen. 6:7). However, this judgement will not be by water but by fire (ref. v. 18, & 3:8). In fact, by a number of small fires that conflate into a large consuming fire.
 
 אָסֵ֨ף אָדָ֜ם וּבְהֵמָ֗ה אָסֵ֤ף עוֹף־הַשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ וּדְגֵ֣י הַיָּ֔ם וְהַמַּכְשֵׁל֖וֹת אֶת־הָרְשָׁעִ֑ים וְהִכְרַתִּ֣י אֶת־הָאָדָ֗ם מֵעַ֛ל פְּנֵ֥י הָאֲדָמָ֖ה נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה׃
 
3 “I will gather (collect) human (Adam) and beast; I will gather (collect) the birds of the heavens, the fish of the sea, and the things that cause stumbling along with the wicked. I will cut off the humans (HaAdam) from upon the face of הָאֲדָמָה Ha’adamah the earth,” Says YHVH (Mercy) the Lord.
 
The just judgement of God being prophesied indicts the people responsible for sin, the false gods/demons whom they worship and the wicked community they led into idolatry. Sadly the physical outworking of this judgement overflows onto the birds and fish that provide meat for sustaining the lives of the depraved.
 
Rashi rightly observes that the descriptor hamachsheilot הַמַּכְשֵׁל֖וֹת, stumbling blocks, is a metaphor referencing pagan deities.
 
To “cut off,” is to kill, and in this case, while the judgement will be extended to the surrounding pagan nations (הָאֲדָמָה Ha’adamah the earth: ref. chpt. 2), the following verse specifies Judah as the first recipient of God’s wrath.
 
We note that this judgement, like those recorded in Jonah 4:11 and Joel 1:18-20, includes animal life as well as human beings.
 
One of the reasons for the destruction of animals along with the wicked is that many of those same animals were used in sacrifice to pagan deities, and were also the subjects of the idolatrous practice of mimicking the behaviours of animals in worship rituals. (Bereishit Rabbah 28:6)
 
It’s a subject worthy of sober reflection given that some branches of hyper-Pentecostalism have celebrated animal noises and the mimicking of animals behaviours as manifestations of the Holy Spirit. This is abhorrent blasphemy. It seems that in the aforementioned cases demonic manifestations in response to the presence of God’s Spirit have been misidentified by undiscerning leaders and congregants.
 
 וְנָטִ֤יתִי יָדִי֙ עַל־יְהוּדָ֔ה וְעַ֖ל כָּל־יוֹשְׁבֵ֣י יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וְהִכְרַתִּ֞י מִן־הַמָּק֤וֹם הַזֶּה֙ אֶת־שְׁאָ֣ר הַבַּ֔עַל אֶת־שֵׁ֥ם הַכְּמָרִ֖ים עִם־הַכֹּהֲנִֽים׃
 
4 “I will stretch out My hand upon Yehudah (Judah), and upon all the inhabitants of Yerushalayim (Jerusalem: flood of peace). I will cut off from this הַמָּק֤וֹם HaMakom the Place (a reference to the Temple Mount) the residue of the Baal (Master, false god, false husband), the names of hachemarim the idolatrous priests of emotionalism along with hacohanim the priests (of Israel who have syncretised paganism with the worship of YHVH)--
 
The very specific language regarding the religious leaders of Judah at that time describes both non-Jewish pagan priests הַכְּמָרִ֖ים hachemarim who stir up the people toward idolatry through emotionalism (כּמר kamar: a pagan priest, lit. to become emotionally agitated) and the priests (הכהנים hacohanim) of Israel who have syncretised pagan worship with the worship of YHVH.
 
Note that both kinds of priests are being removed from הַמָּק֤וֹם HaMakom “The Place,” that is, “The Temple Mount,” meaning that Judah’s idolatry had reached such depraved depths that foreigners with no right to access the Temple Mount were nonetheless being welcomed to participate alongside the Levitical priests in the Temple precinct, in syncretised worship of YHVH. Mixing the rites of YHVH with the occultism of the gods of the Canaanites and other pagan peoples.
 
Before we tut in disgust we must ask the question, “Are we guilty of the same?” Many faith communities today syncretise post enlightenment new age emotionalism (כּמר kamar lit. to become emotionally agitated) and pseudo-scientific psychology with their worship of YHVH in the Name of Yeshua (Jesus), thus joining the body of Messiah with prostitutes (false gods, philosophies, religions).
 
Many of our modern faith traditions have been practiced for almost two thousand years. Among them are practices that have been adopted from paganism and continue to play a primary role in many denominations of Christianity, Judaism and sadly in some so called Messianic communities.
 
וְאֶת־הַמִּשְׁתַּחֲוִ֥ים עַל־הַגַּגּ֖וֹת לִצְבָ֣א הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם וְאֶת־הַמִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוִים֙ הַנִּשְׁבָּעִ֣ים לַֽיהוָ֔ה וְהַנִּשְׁבָּעִ֖ים בְּמַלְכָּֽם׃
 
5 Those who prostrate themselves in worship of the host of heaven upon the rooftops; those who bow down and swear to YHVH (Mercy) the Lord, and swear by Milcom (great king [god of the Ammonites & Phoenicians, same as Molech, god of the Canaanites to which Israel’s kings sacrificed infants in the Hinnom valley south-west of Jerusalem]);
 
We note that those being judged unto wrath are carefully indicted for specific acts of idolatry. While the text says “I will cut off the humans (HaAdam) from upon the face of הָאֲדָמָה Ha’adamah the earth,” (v. 3) it’s qualified by naming all the humans in question as those who practice specific forms of idolatry. The righteous remnant, inclusive of the prophets and Josiah will not suffer the fate of the wicked. God is just.
 
The infanticidal abortion god of ancient Canaanite occultism (Milcom/Molech) is the same god that governs the world’s abortion industry today, supported by, among others, the “Pro-choice” pseudo-Christian portion of today’s body of believers. It is the same god that governs Hamas in Gaza.
 
וְאֶת־הַנְּסוֹגִ֖ים מֵאַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַאֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־בִקְשׁ֥וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה וְלֹ֥א דְרָשֻֽׁהוּ׃
 
6 Those who are turning back from following after YHVH (Mercy) the Lord, and do not seek after YHVH (Mercy) the Lord, nor inquire of Him.”
 
Not just those who have turned away from the face (denotes intimacy and manifest presence, right relationship) of God but those who continually turn away and have no intention of, or desire to, inquire of Him.
 
Note the threefold phrasing, “turn back from,” “do not seek after,” and “nor inquire of.” This denotes wilful and perpetual hatred of God, a determined path of rebellion devoid of repentance. Twice is established, three times, immutable. The text is describing people who are unredeemable based on their own wilful and perpetual refusal of God’s sacrificial, atoning love.
 
The good news: if you are concerned and questioning whether you might be one of these people you have already answered your own question. The people described are not concerned with their standing before God, after all, they have “turned back from following after YHVH.”
 
הַ֕ס מִפְּנֵ֖י אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֑ה כִּ֤י קָרוֹב֙ י֣וֹם יְהוָ֔ה כִּֽי־הֵכִ֧ין יְהוָ֛ה זֶ֖בַח הִקְדִּ֥ישׁ קְרֻאָֽיו׃
 
7 Silence from the face of Adonay YHVH (Mercy) the Lord God; for Yom YHVH the day of the Lord is at hand, for YHVH (Mercy) the Lord has established a slaughter; He has invited His guests.
 
God withholds His voice from the wicked and yet He speaks in and through the prophet according to His faithfulness and merciful grace.
 
We note that here, as is the case throughout Scripture, including Revelation 1:10, יוֹם יהוה the Day of the LORD is not a day of rest and celebration but of judgement, wrath, and terror.
 
“The LORD has established a slaughter (zabach).” This does not reflect a sacrifice of redemption but a slaughter of the perpetually unrepentant wicked. In a figurative sense the guests invited will observe it but not be harmed by it.
 
The guests likely refer to the armies God will purpose for the physical manifestation of the prophesied destruction.
 
וְהָיָ֗ה בְּיוֹם֙ זֶ֣בַח יְהוָ֔ה וּפָקַדְתִּ֥י עַל־הַשָּׂרִ֖ים וְעַל־בְּנֵ֣י הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ וְעַ֥ל כָּל־הַלֹּבְשִׁ֖ים מַלְבּ֥וּשׁ נָכְרִֽי׃
 
8 “And it will come to pass, in the day of YHVH (Mercy) the Lord’s slaughter, that I will muster and bring punishment upon the princes (rulers) and the king’s children, and all who are clothed with strange, idolatrous, foreign apparel.
 
Once again the mixing of pagan gods, the clothing associated with their worship and the rulers of Judah are all brought to judgement together. We note that the syncretism is prevalent in the leadership of Judah both political and religious and that the slaughter will begin with the leaders and overflow to those who have decided to participate in the rebellion of Judah’s wicked kings and princes.
 
Rashi makes the following brief observation on verse 8, and in doing so shines a bright light on the lazy idolatry of many believers throughout the generations.
 
“Gentile garb ornaments of the idols.”
 
-Rashi on Zephaniah 1:8
 
To this day many of us wear popular brands whose very names reflect false gods: Nike (Greek goddess of victory), Versace (Medusa logo), Olympus (Mount of the Greek Pantheon) etc.
 
We drive vehicles whose logos reflect paganism: Chrysler (Wings of the ancient Egyptian sun-disk), Maserati (The trident logo reflects the Fountain of Neptune in Bologna, symbolizing the power of the Roman god of the sea), Subaru (The logo is a stylized representation of the Pleiades (the Seven Sisters), chosen for its astrological power) etc.
 
We wear the merchandise of artists which picture occult and pagan gods and their symbols in support of pop music, films, tv shows and actors who promote immoral behaviours, pagan philosophies, and explicitly anti-biblical material.
 
Judah, the brother of Yeshua utilizes the imagery of the prophet Zephaniah regarding the defiled clothing of idolators when he writes:
 
“save others by snatching them from the fire; have mercy on others but with fear, hating even the garment defiled by the flesh.”
 
-Yehudah (Jude) 23
 
Judah’s words link the defiled garment to the motivation of the flesh. Everything we think, say, and do is motivated by either the sinful inclination or the good inclination. When we fail to be discerning concerning what we wear, we are at best being lazy, and at worst, syncretizing pagan deities with our worship of God. Given that everything we do is worship, either the worship of God or the worship of something or someone else.
 
וּפָקַדְתִּ֗י עַ֧ל כָּל־הַדּוֹלֵ֛ג עַל־הַמִּפְתָּ֖ן בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֑וּא הַֽמְמַלְאִ֛ים בֵּ֥ית אֲדֹנֵיהֶ֖ם חָמָ֥ס וּמִרְמָֽה׃
 
9 I will muster and bring punishment upon all those who leap over the threshold in that same day, those who fill the houses of their lords’ (adonim: masters’) with חָמָס chamas violence and deceit.
 
This punishment will come upon those who practice superstition, both occultism and those superstitions that have been syncretised into the worship practices of the religion of Israel, and are common place within Judah’s dwellings.
 
“‘Who leaps over the threshold’ Targum Yonatan renders: ‘who follows the customs of the Philistines, who would not step on the threshold of Dagon, as it is stated (I Sam. 5:5): “Therefore, the priests of Dagon... do not tread on the threshold, etc.”’”
 
-Rashi on Zephaniah 1:9
 
This judgement continues to this day prophetically indicting all so called believers who support the Palestinian genocidal cause against God’s chosen people Israel, the Jewish people, specifically regarding their “Christian Social Justice” silence concerning the atrocities perpetuated by Hamas (חָמָס chamas: violence, terror), and or their advocacy for and defence of Hamas (Violence, ungodly terror), who are prophetically named here.
 
We note that those guilty of filling the homes of Judah with Hamas are the same who practice occultism (equivalent to Christian emotionalism, new age pseudo Christianity, progressive Christianity), and that all this is intrinsically linked to deceit and its father Satan.
 
וְהָיָה֩ בַיּ֨וֹם הַה֜וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֗ה ק֤וֹל צְעָקָה֙ מִשַּׁ֣עַר הַדָּגִ֔ים וִֽילָלָ֖ה מִן־הַמִּשְׁנֶ֑ה וְשֶׁ֥בֶר גָּד֖וֹל מֵהַגְּבָעֽוֹת׃
 
10 “And it will be in that day,” says YHVH (Mercy) the Lord, “A voice of outcry from the fish Gate, and a howling from the Second Quarter, and a great fracturing from the hills.
 
In the Day of the LORD the judgement will address every evil in every part of the land, beginning with the places of rule and the gates of the walls thought to protect, and extending through the farmland to the hills, fracturing all that is stained by sin.
 
The Hebrew hamishneh הַמִּשְׁנֶ֑ה referring to the ancient upper city of Jerusalem is familiar sounding to students of Jewish texts. It shares its root lishnot לִשְׁנוֹת‎ with the codified oral Torah known as the Mishnah (essentially the second Torah).
 
הֵילִ֖ילוּ יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הַמַּכְתֵּ֑שׁ כִּ֤י נִדְמָה֙ כָּל־עַ֣ם כְּנַ֔עַן נִכְרְת֖וּ כָּל־נְטִ֥ילֵי כָֽסֶף׃
 
11 Howl, you inhabitants of Maktesh (deep valley)! For all the people of Canaan (lowland) are cut down; all those laden with silver are cut off.
 
This valley is likely a valley near Jerusalem other than the Hinnom and Kidron valleys. The name Canaan means lowland and acts as a couplet to the name Maktesh. Also, the Canaanites were the people from whom the Israelites initially adopted false gods after entering the land, in spite of God’s clear warning against doing so. This judgement will not only bring death upon the guilty but will also remove all means of financial security.
 
Rashi, following the tradition of the Aramaic targum, understands Maktesh to refer to the Kidron valley, the fish gate a metaphor for the seaside city of Akko, and the mishneh to mean Lod, because at the time it was the second largest city in Israel:
 
“you inhabitants of Maktesh The Kidron Valley, which is as deep as a mortar. This is according to Targum Jonathan. from the fish gate This is Acre, situated in the bosom of the sea, where many fish are caught. from the Mishneh This is Lod, which is second to Jerusalem.”
 
-Rashi on Zephaniah 1:11
 
וְהָיָה֙ בָּעֵ֣ת הַהִ֔יא אֲחַפֵּ֥שׂ אֶת־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם בַּנֵּר֑וֹת וּפָקַדְתִּ֣י עַל־הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים הַקֹּֽפְאִים֙ עַל־שִׁמְרֵיהֶ֔ם הָאֹֽמְרִים֙ בִּלְבָבָ֔ם לֹֽא־יֵיטִ֥יב יְהוָ֖ה וְלֹ֥א יָרֵֽעַ׃
 
12 “And it will come to pass at that time that she I will search, Jerusalem, with lights/flames, and punish the men who congeal/thicken the dregs (dwell in complacency), who say in their heart, ‘YHVH (Mercy) The Lord will not do good, nor will He do evil.’
 
Having spoken against the Canaanites the LORD turns His attention to His beloved possession Judah and to her capital Jerusalem. The personification of the city speaks of intimacy and the fierce jealousy of a jilted husband.
 
The flames are many and bring fire in patches throughout the city (this would soon be a physical reality carried out by the Babylonian armies). These small fires conflate and become one cleansing fire that purges the complacent wicked, who hold a heartfelt disbelief in the omnipotent God of Israel.
 
We note that “flames/lights,” being a collection of small flames, reflect the Pesach preparation practice of Bedikat Chametz (Cleansing of leaven/yeast/sin). In fact, the practice is in part derived from the present passage.
 
“And searching is derived from lamps by means of juxtaposition, as it is written: “And it shall come to pass that at that time I will search Jerusalem with lamps” (Zephaniah 1:12). And finally, the word lamps is derived from lamp by means of juxtaposition, as it is written: “The spirit of man is the lamp of God, searching all the inward parts” (Proverbs 20:27). Together these verses indicate that the search for leaven must be conducted by the light of the lamp.”
 
-Pesachim 7b:15
 
The prophetic language seems to indicate a searching out of every nook and cranny, a thorough cleansing of the city of Jerusalem that acts as a figurative indication of the fire of spiritual cleansing that is to remove all sin from Judah/Israel.
 
Cleansing is required when we take atonement for granted. In the age of a hyper-grace gospel (a counterfeit), believers have allowed themselves to be defiled by those who teach forgiveness without repentance, apology without restitution, justice without accountability, and love devoid of commitment. Discipline will result. Cleansing will take place.
 
וְהָיָ֤ה חֵילָם֙ לִמְשִׁסָּ֔ה וּבָתֵּיהֶ֖ם לִשְׁמָמָ֑ה וּבָנ֤וּ בָתִּים֙ וְלֹ֣א יֵשֵׁ֔בוּ וְנָטְע֣וּ כְרָמִ֔ים וְלֹ֥א יִשְׁתּ֖וּ אֶת־יֵינָֽם׃
 
13 And it will come about that their goods/strength will be booty, and desolation will be on their houses; they will build houses, but not inhabit them; they will plant vineyards, but not drink their wine.”
 
The idols of Judah will become stolen objects melted down and recast. Booty for the invading hoards who will be purposed by God to meet out His wrath.
 
In vain the idolatrous people of Judah will build new dwellings and plant vines from which they will never prosper. Israel was warned of the repercussions of her sin long ago (Deut. 28:28-30). We too are warned.
 
קָר֤וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָה֙ הַגָּד֔וֹל קָר֖וֹב וּמַהֵ֣ר מְאֹ֑ד ק֚וֹל י֣וֹם יְהוָ֔ה מַ֥ר צֹרֵ֖חַ שָׁ֥ם גִּבּֽוֹר׃
 
14 Near is the great Yom YHVH the day of the Lord; it’s near and swiftly hastens. The voice of Yom YHVH the day of the Lord is bitter; the mighty cry out there.
 
The warning is of imminent danger. The Day of the LORD has a bitter voice. Not the bitterness of the weak and infirm but the bitterness and outcry from the suffering mighty ones who once thought themselves indestructible. (Joel 1:15)
 
י֥וֹם עֶבְרָ֖ה הַיּ֣וֹם הַה֑וּא י֧וֹם צָרָ֣ה וּמְצוּקָ֗ה י֤וֹם שֹׁאָה֙ וּמְשׁוֹאָ֔ה י֥וֹם חֹ֙שֶׁךְ֙ וַאֲפֵלָ֔ה י֥וֹם עָנָ֖ן וַעֲרָפֶֽל׃
 
15 A day of wrath that day, that specific day (the he) a day of trouble and distress, a day of ruin and desolation, a day of darkness and gloominess, a day of thick clouds and darkness,
 
The Day of the LORD is seen repeatedly throughout Israel’s history and will one day be fully filled in its final manifestation at the end of the age. All its descriptors denote darkness, ruin, terror and distress. (Amos 5:18-20)
 
י֥וֹם שׁוֹפָ֖ר וּתְרוּעָ֑ה עַ֚ל הֶעָרִ֣ים הַבְּצֻר֔וֹת וְעַ֖ל הַפִּנּ֥וֹת הַגְּבֹהֽוֹת׃
 
16 A day of a shofar (rams horn) and alarm against the walled cities and against the high towers.
 
The shofar (rams horn), which finds its origin in the Akedah (binding of Isaac), is a symbol of the voice of the Ram of God. A voice of warning, judgement, atonement, redemption and wrath. We note that the voice of the Ram raises the alarm against the walls of the kingdoms of men. The same voice that terrifies the wicked brings hope to the righteous.
 
The Hebrew hapinot הַפִּנּוֹת is significant as a counterpoint to Rosh Pinah רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה the head of the corner/pinnacle (Ps. 118:22). Yeshua is called Rosh Pinah רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה, referring to his headship at the pinnacle of all creation and of the Temple of believers. Here the pinnacles of Jerusalem’s towers are made subject to her enemies under the Headship of the One (Yeshua the King Messiah) Who will establish both the foundation and the pinnacle of redeemed Israel in the latter days. This through a work He completed before the foundation of the world. (Rev. 13:8)
 
By way of further explanation please consider the following note from my article on Ephesians 2:20:
 
In Messiah both Jew and Gentile grow together into an everlasting metaphysical Temple. Not a Temple made of stone but a living Temple made up of unique people who are one in Messiah to the glory of God (1 Peter 2:4-9; 1 Cor. 3:16-17; 6:19). Thus, the New Jerusalem will have no Temple, because God Himself and the Lamb are its Temple (Rev. 21:22).
 
“Yeshua the Messiah Himself being the highest corner,” refers to Psalms 118:22, which reads:
 
“The stone which the builders rejected has become the רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה head of the corner”
 
-Tehillim (Psalms) 118:22 [Author’s translation]
 
We note that while many versions translate “cornerstone,” neither the Greek nor the Hebrew text explicitly say this. While it’s possible the corner foundation stone of certain ancient buildings might be meant (Isa. 28:16; Matt. 21:42; 1 Peter 2:6-8), it seems more likely that in the context of Paul’s letter to the Ephesian community, in keeping with Paul’s description of Yeshua as being above all things, that he is in fact referring to the highest pinnacle of the Temple and Yeshua’s headship over the body of believers, who are being referred to here as the living stones of the Temple which is Messiah’s body.
 
There is at very least a remez (hint) here at a connection between Messiah’s headship over the living temple of the body of believers and the attempt by Satan to get Yeshua to throw Himself down from the pinnacle of the Temple in Jerusalem. The symbolism is clear. The Enemy is tempting Yeshua to put God to the test and to throw down His headship and authority over the ecclesia (coming body of believers) [Matt. 4:5].
 
That being said, there is a mystical Jewish tradition that speaks of the world being founded through the foundation stone האבן (Ha-even) in the Holy of Holies, which is also said to be the stone on which Jacob lay his head on the night he received the vision of the stairway to the heavens, the same stone being said to be the place where Abraham was to sacrifice Isaac and the stone through which man was created (M. Yoma 5:2; T. Yoma 2:14; B. Yoma 54b; Lev. Rabah 20:4 etc.). While this is a mystical tradition and not Scripture, it’s nonetheless consistent with the creating Word, God with us, Yeshua the King Messiah, through Whom all things are created (John 1:3; Colossians 1:16).
 
וַהֲצֵרֹ֣תִי לָאָדָ֗ם וְהָֽלְכוּ֙ כַּֽעִוְרִ֔ים כִּ֥י לַֽיהוָ֖ה חָטָ֑אוּ וְשֻׁפַּ֤ךְ דָּמָם֙ כֶּֽעָפָ֔ר וּלְחֻמָ֖ם כַּגְּלָלִֽים׃
 
17 “I will bring distress upon humans (Adam), and they shall walk like blind men, because against the Lord they have missed the mark set by His holiness (sinned); their blood will be poured out like dust, and their flesh like excrement.”
 
All the wilfully unrepentant wicked who have missed the mark of God’s holiness and are devoid of atonement will be given over to the impurity of their sin and become like the most defiled thing, excrement.
 
Some Jewish traditions understand Adam אָדָם “man” here, to refer to Israel the “man,” and therefore, interpret this distress as a specific manifestation of wrath against Judah/Israel.
 
“And I will bring distress upon men, upon Israel, who is called ‘man.’”
 
-Rashi on Zephaniah 1:17
 
On the other hand, the Targum Yonatan understands all wicked human beings as the recipients of the distress in this verse.
 
“Neither the sky nor the sea can withstand them on the day of their wrath, and in the midst of their destruction all the righteous of the world will be consumed, and the fear of the Lord will be aroused, and the coming forth of the Lord will be accompanied by all the righteous of the world.”
 
-Targum Yonatan on Zephaniah 1:17
 
We choose not to make a false choice. Both interpretations are correct and exist concurrently
 
גַּם־כַּסְפָּ֨ם גַּם־זְהָבָ֜ם לֹֽא־יוּכַ֣ל לְהַצִּילָ֗ם בְּיוֹם֙ עֶבְרַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה וּבְאֵשׁ֙ קִנְאָת֔וֹ תֵּאָכֵ֖ל כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ כִּֽי־כָלָ֤ה אַךְ־נִבְהָלָה֙ יַֽעֲשֶׂ֔ה אֵ֥ת כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֖י הָאָֽרֶץ׃
 
18 Also neither their silver or gold will be able to deliver them in the day of the wrath of the Lord; and the LORD’s fire of jealousy will devour kol ha’aretz the whole land (of Israel), for He will indeed speedily get rid of all those who dwell (sit, abide) in ha’aretz the land (of Israel).
 
Money won’t be able to save the wealthy on the Day of the LORD. The LORD is a jealous God, but He’s not jealous of other gods, He is jealous for His treasured possession Israel/Judah.
 
We note that the “Day of the wrath of the LORD,” and “The LORD’s Day,” are the same day.
 
We see that where הָאֲדָמָה Ha’adamah, “the earth” is used throughout the chapter, here הָאָרֶץ Ha’aretz is used. While in context Ha’adamah can refer to the land of Israel, it is also used of all the lands (the earth) and denotes a judgement inclusive of other nations, whereas Ha’aretz is most often employed to refer specifically to the land of Israel.
 
In this case the judgement upon Judah is a catalyst for the judgement of the surrounding nations. A good father disciplines his own children before seeking to discipline the children of others. Of course, while Israel/Judah is specially chosen, God is nonetheless the Father of all human beings. However, in the context of this passage Judah has sold herself to other fathers (gods), fathers of the nations.
 
Therefore, the nations are children of false gods and Judah, God’s specially chosen treasure has been enticed by other fathers who have led her into defilement. This gives the true Father of Creation a legal right to begin His discipline with Judah and outwork its fullness against the false fathers of the nations.
 
A good father has the right to deliver the children of the wicked from their fathers. In fact, this is exactly what God does with Josiah and is ultimately what He is establishing for all of redeemed Judah/Israel.
 
It’s no coincidence that both Zephaniah and Josiah are in the third generation of the curse incurred by Manasseh. The four generations of curse are immediately broken when in one generation a person receives God’s offer of blessing. (Ex. 20:5-6, 34:7; Deut. 5:9-10) Thus, the blessing breaks the curse before the curse can achieve its fullness and, in its place, brings about a thousand (everlasting) generations of blessing.
 
Copyright 2026 Yaakov (Brown) Ben Yehoshua